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Ñõåìîòåõíè÷åñêîå è ôóíêöèîíàëüíîå ïðîåêòèðîâàíèå âàêóóìíîé êîììóòàöèîííîé àïïàðàòóðû

Ñõåìîòåõíè÷åñêîå è ôóíêöèîíàëüíîå ïðîåêòèðîâàíèå âàêóóìíîé êîììóòàöèîííîé àïïàðàòóðû

























               Íàñûùåí-                                                                                                                      ×ðåçâû-

                íîñòü                                                                                                                                               ÷àéíûå

                òåððèòîðèè                                                                                                                                  ýêîëîãè÷å-

                ýêîëîãè÷å-                                                                                                                                    ñêèå ïðîè-

                ñêè âðåä-                                                                                                                                       øåñòâèÿ

                ïðèÿòèÿìè            Çíà÷èòåëü-         Ðàçìåùå-        Ýêñòåí-                  Áåñêîíò-                 (çàëïîâûå

                ãîðíî-                    íûé èçíîñ           íèå                  ñèâíûå                   ðîëüíîå                  âûáðîñû

                äîáûâàþùåé       îñíîâíûõ           âðåäíûõ              ìåòîäû                è íåóìå-                àãðÿçíÿ-

                ïðîìûøë…         ïðîèçâîä-           ïðîèç-             õîçÿéñò-             ðåííîå                        þùèõ

                ÷åðíîé  è              ñòâåííûõ             âîäñòâ                âîâàíèÿ               èñïîëü-                   âåùåñòâ)

                öâåòíîé                 ôîíäîâ                âáëèçè               ýíåðãî-                çîâàíèå                è ýêîëîãè-

                ìåòàëëóð-             óñèëèâàþ-          ìåñò                     è ðåñóð-             óäîáðåíèé            êàòàñò-

                ãèè, òîï-                ùèé ýêî-             ïðîæèâà-         ñîåìêîñòü          è ÿäîõè-                   ðîôû

                ëèâíîé                   ëîãè÷åñ-              íèÿ íà-                ïðîèç-                  ìèêàòîâ

                ýíåðãåòèêè           êóþ âðåä-           ñåëåíèÿ               âîäèìîé            â ñåëüñ-         

                ëåñî-ïðî-              íîñòü                   (îáóñ-                  ïðîäóê-              êîì  è

                ìûøëåííîãî        ïðîèç-                 ëîâëåí-                öèè                      ëåñíîì

                êîìïëåêñà            âîäñòâ                 íîå  èñ-                                            õîçÿéñòâå

                                                                             òîðè÷.


 





















 ÀÍÒÐÎÏÎÃÅÍÍÛÅ         ÎÑÍÎÂÍÛÅ ÃÀÇÎÂÛÅ ÏÐÈÌÅÑÈ Â ÀÒÌÎÑÔÅÐÍÎÌ ÂÎÇÄÓÕÅ


          èçìåíåíèÿ             ìîíîêñèä    äèîêñèä       ìåòàí     ìîíîêñèä     îêñèä     äèîêñèä    ÕÔÓ        îçîí

         â àòìîñôåðå           óãëåðîäà      óãëåðîäà                     è äèîêñèä     àçîòà       ñåðû       ôðåîíû

                                           (ÑÎ)            (ÑÎ2)          (ÑÍ4)    (ÍÎ,ÍÎ2)    ( N2Î)      (SÎ2)                       (Î3)




   «ïàðíèêîâûé

           ýôôåêò»


  ðàçðóøåíèå ñëîÿ

           îçîíà


  êèñëîòíûå äîæäè



 

ôîòîõèìè÷åñêèé

        ñìîã

 

 ïîíèæåííàÿ âèäè-

  ìîñòü àòìîñôåðû


  îñëàáëåíèå ñàìîî÷è-

  ùåíèÿ àòìîñôåðû


                               

                                - ãàç îñëàáëÿåò äàííûé ýôôåêò


 


-          ãàç óñèëèâàåò äàííûé ýôôåêò































Ìàññîîáìåí ñîâðåìåííîãî

Ïðîìûøëåííîãî ãîðîäà ò/ñóòêè.

 

        Âîäà                                                                 Ñòî÷íûå âîäû

         625000                              Ãîðîä ñ                     500000

      Ïèùà                          íàñåëåíèåì                Òâåðäûå îòõîäû

         2000                          1ìëí. ÷åëîâåê                 2000

      Òîïëèâî                                                             Âûáðîñû â

                                                                                   Àòìîñôåðó

            Óãîëü  4000                                                                            ×àñòèöû   150

            Íåôòü  2800                                                                            SÎ2    150

            Òîïëèâî äëÿ                                                                           NOx    100

            Àâòîòðàíñïîðòà 1000                                                           ÑΠ      450

                                                                                                            ÑnHm  100

 






















Âëèÿíèå ñðåäíåñóòî÷íûõ êîíöåíòðàöèé

Çàãðÿçíèòåëåé íà òîêñè÷åñêîå ñîñòîÿíèå àòìîñôåðû.

Îñíîâíûå              Êëàññ             Ñîñòîÿíèå âîçäóøíîãî áàññåéíà ïðè êîíöåíòðàöèè

 çàãðÿçíèòåëè          îïàñíîñòè       âûçûâàåò îïàñåíèå      îïàñíîå     ÷ðåçâû÷àéíî îïàñíî


  Ïûëü                               4                            0.15                     0.75                        3.75

  íåîðãàíè÷åñêàÿ


  Ñåðíèñòûé ãàç               3                            0.05                       0.2                         0.38


  Îêñèä àçîòà                   2                            0.085                    0.255                      0.765


  Îêñèä óãëåðîäà             4                             3.0                        5.0                         25.0


  Óãëåâîäîðîäû               4                             1.5                        7.5                         12.5


  Ñàæà                               3                            0.05                      0.25                        0.16


  Ôåíîë                             3                            0.01                      0.04                       0.224


  Ñâèíåö                           1                          0.0007                 0.00126                    0.072


  Ñåðîâîäîðîä                  2                          0.008                    0.024                      0.45


  Ñåðîóãëåðîä                  2                             0.2                       1.0                         1.9


  Àììèàê                          4                             0.1                       0.3                         1.8


  Ñåðíàÿ êèñëîòà             2                             0.2                       0.6                         1.08


  Ñîëÿíàÿ êèñëîòà           2                           0.012                   0.036                      0.096


  Ôîðìàëüäåãèä               2                          0.0003                 0.00054                   0.045


  Ðòóòü                               1                          0.005                    0.015                      0.07


  Ôòîðèñòûå                     2                           0.005                   0.0 15                      5.0

  ñîåäèíåíèÿ  













Çàâèñèìîñòü ìåæäó ñíèæåíèåì

 óðîâíÿ çàãðÿçíåíèÿ àòìîñôåðû è

óìåíüøåíèåì çàáîëåâàåìîñòè.

  Çàáîëåâàíèÿ              Óìåíüøåíèå ÷èñëà  çàáîëåâàíèé íà 1000 ÷åëîâåê  

                                             Ñ îïàñíîãî óðîâíÿ        Ñ óðîâíÿ âûçûâàþùåãî

                                               äî äîïóñòèìîãî         îïàñåíèÿ  äî äîïóñòèìîãî


  Ãðèïï è êàòàð                               292                                         90

  âåðõíèõ äûõà-

  òåëüíûõ


  Ïíåâìîíèÿ                                   12.1                                        5.6


  Áðîíõèòû                                     13.6                                        3.2


  Òóáåðêóëåç îðãà-                           3                                           1.7

  íîâ äûõàíèÿ


  Áîëåçíè ñåðäöà                            2.4                                          0.5


  Ãèïåðòîíèÿ                                  3.2                                          2.0























    Ïîñëåäñòâèÿ îáëó÷åíèÿ                                Äîçà  îáëó÷åíèÿ


  Ëåòàëüíûé èñõîä ÷åðåç íåñêîëüêî äíåé                      10


   90% ñëó÷àåâ ëåòàëüíûé èñõîä â                                 7

  áëèæàéøèå íåäåëè


  Ïåðâè÷íàÿ ëó÷åâàÿ áîëåçíü, â 10% ñëó-

  ÷àåâ  ñ ëåòàëüíûì èñõîäîì â ïîñëåäóþùèå                  2

  ìåñÿöû

 

  Ëåòàëüíûõ èñõîäîâ íåò, íî çíà÷èòåëüíî

  óâåëè÷èâàåòñÿ ÷èñëî ðàêîâûõ çàáîëå-                            1

  âàíèé; ïîëíàÿ ñòåðèëèçàöèÿ ó æåíùèí,

  íà 2-3 ìåñÿöà ó ìóæ÷èí


Îòíîñèòåëüíàÿ âåðîÿòíîñòü çàáîëåâàíèé ðàêîì

(1-ëåéêîçû, 2-äðóãèå âèäû ðàêà).


 


            Âåðîÿò-

            íîñòü

            çàáîëå-

            âàíèÿ

            ðàêîì



 


                             0      10     20    30    40    50   (÷èñëî ëåò ïîñëå îáëó÷åíèÿ)
















 


                                                -ðàê ëåãêèõ

 


                                                -ðàê ãîðòàíè

 


                                                -ýìôèçåìà

 


                                                -èøåìè÷åñêàÿ áîëåçíü ñåðäöà






 



           80



           70


           60


           50



           40


           30



           20


          10




                  íåêóðÿùèå            1-10          11-20         21-30         31-40         41+


×èñëî âûêóðèâàåìûõ çà äåíü ñèãàðåò.

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

Îõðàíà ïðèðîäû


 


Ôîðìèðîâàíèå ñèñòåìû

Îñîáî îõðàíÿåìûõ òåððèòîðèé

Çàïîâåäíèêè            Çàêàçíèêè

Íàöèîíàëüíûå          Ïàìÿòíèêè

ïàðêè                       ïðèðîäû


[Ì.À.1] 

«ÝÊÎËÎÃÈÇÀÖÈß ÎÁÙÅÑÒÂÀ»

Ôîðìèðîâàíèå ýêîëîãè÷åñêîãî

 ìûøëåíèÿ.

Ýêîëîãè÷åñêîå îáðàçîâàíèå

è âîñïèòàíèå.




ÎÏÒÈÌÈÇÀÖÈß

ÏÐÈÐÎÄÎÏÎËÜÇÎÂÀÍÈß


Ðåàëèçàöèÿ îñíîâíûõ íà-

ïðàâëåíèé ðàöèîíàëüíîãî

èñïîëüçîâàíèÿ ïðèðîäíûõ

ðåñóðñîâ è îõðàíû ïðèðîäû

Ïåðåâîä íà ýêîëîãè÷åñêè ÷èñ-

òûå òåõíîëîãèè óñòàðåâøèõ

ïðîèçâîäñòâ

Ëèêâèäàöèÿ ýêîëîãè÷åñêè âðåäíûõ

òåõíîëîãè÷åñêèõ   ïðîöåññîâ

Âíåäðåíèå ðåñóðñîñáåðåãàþùèõ

 ìàëîîòõîäíûõ è áåçîòõîäíûõ

òåõíîëîãè÷åñêèõ ïðîöåññîâ


Ïåðåõîä íà áåññòî÷íûå ñèñòåìû

âîäîñíàáæåíèÿ

Ñòðîèòåëüñòâî íîâûõ è ðåêîí-

ñòðóêöèÿ äåéñòâóþùèõ ãàçî-

ïûëåóëàâëèâàþùèõ óñòàíîâîê

Ñòðîèòåëüñòâî î÷èñòíûõ ñîîðó-

Æåíèé. Ðàñ÷èñòêà ðåê è ïðóäîâ.

 


ÎÑÍÎÂÍÛÅ ÏÓÒÈ ÐÀÖÈÎÍÀËÜÍÎÃÎ

ÏÐÈÐÎÄÎÏÎËÜÇÎÂÀÍÈß

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